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Diagnosis of urolith composition via CT
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Picture ©: Bayer Animal Health

Canine urolithiasis is a common problem and the composition of the uroliths determines the therapy. In this study, the in vitro diagnosis of the urolith composition is tried by CT. The results: at least the three most common types can be differentiated in vitro.

Determination of urolith mineral composition is critical for management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Using computed tomography, urolith physical density, and hence chemical composition, can be quantified using mean beam attenuation measurements (Hounsfield units; HU).

This study was designed to establish in vitro reference ranges for three types of compositionally pure uroliths retrieved from dogs.

Sixty-six canine uroliths (22 uric acid, 21 calcium oxalate, 14 struvite, nine mixed or compound) were placed in a phantom array. Uroliths were scanned at 120 kVp, 200 mA, and 80 kVp, 200 mA. The region of interest (ROI) for mean HU calculation was determined using two techniques, and reference ranges were calculated for each kVp using either ROI technique.

HU for urolith types of pure composition were statistically different (Wilcoxon`s two-sample test, P<0.0083 [Bonferonni correction with six comparisons for total P<0.05]) using both ROI techniques at either kVp. Struvite uroliths were not statistically different from mixed or compound uroliths.

The accuracy for determination of composition of pure uroliths ranged from 86% to 93%; the prediction accuracy for each urolith mineral type and for all uroliths in general was highest when the ROI was hand-drawn just within the visible urolith border at 80 kVp.

Technique of ROI determination and kVp that yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values varied for each urolith type.

Therefore, in this study, HU could be used to differentiate three types of uroliths of pure mineral composition in vitro. Further studies are needed to determine the predictive value of HU in vivo.

Source: Pressler, Barrak M., Mohammadian, Lenore A., Li, Erning, Vaden, Shelly L., Levine, Jay F., Mathews, Kyle G. & Robertson, Ian D. (2004): In vitro prediction of canine urolith mineral composition using computed tomographic mean beam attenuation measurements. In: Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 45 (3), 189-197.




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SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE

Reference intervals for blood parameters in Shetland Sheepdogsmembers
Several breeds have physiological peculiarities that induce variations in reference intervals (RIs) compared with the general canine population. Shetland sheepdogs (SSs) are reported to be more predisposed to different diseases (eg, hyperlipidemia, gallbladder mucocele, and hypothyroidism). Consequently, a breedâ€specific approach is more often required. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the RIs of the general canine population could be applied to that of SSs, and to generate breedâ€specific RIs, where appropriate.

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